occupational segregation

Occupational segregation refers to the separation of men and women into different occupational fields. This can be horizontal, where men and women are concentrated in different types of jobs (e.g., men in engineering, women in nursing), or vertical, where men are more likely to hold positions of authority.12

Horizontal segregation contributes to the gender wage gap because male-dominated occupations often have higher pay and better advancement opportunities. Theories for this segregation include individual preferences, gender socialization, family responsibilities, and employer biases.1

Vertical segregation, or the "glass ceiling," describes barriers that prevent women from advancing to higher-status positions. While some segregation may be voluntary or due to cohort effects, it often results in inequality and contributes to systemic differences in wages between men and women.12