muni

The term "muni" in the context of ancient Indian religious texts, particularly the Rigveda, refers to individuals trained in magic arts who were believed to possess supernatural abilities, such as levitation. These figures were associated with the deity Rudra, who later evolved into the Hindu god Shiva.1

Vedism, the religion of ancient Indo-European peoples who entered India around 1500 BCE, is documented in the Vedas. This religion was polytheistic, with deities often linked to natural phenomena. Key rituals involved sacrifices and the consumption of a sacred beverage called soma. The Vedic period saw the development of social classes, with priests (Brahmans) eventually gaining prominence. Over time, Vedic religion evolved into Hinduism, with texts like the Upanishads introducing more philosophical concepts such as brahman (ultimate reality) and atman (the self). The practice of tapas, or asceticism, also became significant, aimed at spiritual purification and liberation.213