merit system

civil service

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June 30, 2026

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The merit system is a method for appointing and promoting individuals in the civil service based on their competence rather than political favoritism. This approach ensures that government positions are filled by the most qualified individuals, promoting efficiency and fairness.1

Historically, many governments relied on the "spoils system," where political party affiliation determined employment. This often led to incompetence and corruption. The Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883 in the United States was a landmark piece of legislation that established a permanent federal employment system based on merit, moving away from political patronage. While initially covering only a small percentage of federal positions, its scope has expanded significantly over time, with most federal employees now protected by its principles. The concept of meritocracy, where individuals are assigned roles based on ability and achievement, is a broader ideal that underpins the merit system.23

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public administration
Prussia
The merit system of appointment covered all types of posts, and the general principle laid down was that “special laws and instructions determine the appointing authority to different civil service rank, their qualifications, and the preliminary examinations required from different branches and different ranks.” Entry to…
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The merit system of appointment covered all types of posts, and the general principle laid down was that “special laws and instructions determine the appointing authority to different civil service rank, their qualifications, and the preliminary examinations required from different branches and different ranks.” Entry to…
Read More

spoils system
…jobs on the basis of merit. The Pendleton Federal Civil Service Act of 1883 provided the initial basis for the adoption of the merit system in the recruitment of federal officials, and by the late 20th century merit systems had almost completely replaced the spoils system at the federal, state,…
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…jobs on the basis of merit. The Pendleton Federal Civil Service Act of 1883 provided the initial basis for the adoption of the merit system in the recruitment of federal officials, and by the late 20th century merit systems had almost completely replaced the spoils system at the federal, state,…
Read More