libri poenitentiales
Quick Summary
The term libri poenitentiales refers to penitential books, which were manuals used by priests in the Western church, particularly in the early Middle Ages, to administer ecclesiastical penance. These books contained lists of sins and corresponding penances to be assigned to penitents.1
Originating in Ireland and Wales, the earliest known penitentials date back to the 6th century. They were introduced to continental Europe by missionary monks, though they faced opposition from those who favored traditional public penance. Despite this, they were in use across Europe by the 9th century.1
Over time, errors and arbitrary penances led to their decline and condemnation by local councils. This reaction, however, contributed to the official codification of canon law. Penitentials are valuable for understanding the history of theology and canon law, as well as for philological and social historical studies.1
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