jianai

Chinese philosophy

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July 23, 2026

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The term "jianai" (also spelled "jian ai") refers to the Mohist philosophical concept of "universal love" or "love without distinctions". This idea, central to Mohism, a school of Chinese philosophy founded by Mozi in the 5th century BCE, challenged the prevailing Confucian ideology.12

In contrast to the Confucian ideal of ren (humanity or benevolence), which emphasized special love for family and differentiated it from general love for others, Mohists advocated for treating all people as equals. This meant showing love and respect to everyone, regardless of familial ties or social status, without favoritism. The Confucians, particularly Mencius, criticized jianai for undermining the Confucian emphasis on family harmony, which they believed was the foundation for social harmony.12

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Non-Confucian critiques
…instead for “universal love” (jianai). Despite the meaning of its name, jianai was not an overflowing of goodness or benevolence directed toward all but rather a starkly practical approach to other human beings, all of whom were to be treated as equals. Each person, even one’s own father or…
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…instead for “universal love” (jianai). Despite the meaning of its name, jianai was not an overflowing of goodness or benevolence directed toward all but rather a starkly practical approach to other human beings, all of whom were to be treated as equals. Each person, even one’s own father or…
Read More