intelligentsia

A new intelligentsia had also emerged. The educational reforms and the ending of the governmental examination system during the final Qing years enabled thousands of young people to study sciences, engineering, medicine, law, economics, education, and military skills in Japan. Others went to Europe and the United…

…publicly discussed the role of intellectuals in the new tasks of national construction and adopted the line “Let a hundred flowers blossom, a hundred schools of thought contend.” Because intellectuals in China included high school graduates as well as those with college or advanced professional training, the policy affected a…

…foreshadowed the antagonism between the intelligentsia and the government that was to dominate Russia’s history in the 19th century.

…the 19th century, the word intelligentsia came into use in Russia. This word is not precisely definable, for it described both a social group and a state of mind. Essentially, the intelligentsia consisted of persons with a good modern education and a passionate preoccupation with general political and social ideas.…

…educated element, known as the intelligentsia. Of the socioeconomic causes of tsarism’s ultimate collapse, the most important was rural overpopulation: tsarist Russia had the highest rate of demographic growth in Europe; in the second half of the 19th century the rural population increased by more than 50 percent. Potentially destabilizing…

…the official attitude to the intelligentsia, both technical and creative. It was felt that the new communist specialists in every field were now well enough equipped to take over from their bourgeois predecessors. This was to give much trouble in engineering and also in such spheres as economics and agricultural…

Beginning about 1860, Russian culture was dominated by a group known as the “intelligentsia,” a word that English borrowed from Russian but which means something rather different in its original Russian usage. In the word’s narrow sense, the “intelligentsia” consisted of people who owed…

…concession to the disaffected cultural intelligentsia, whose cooperation was needed in the upcoming celebrations of the 325th anniversary of the “reunification of Ukraine with Russia” that year and the 1,500th anniversary of the founding of Kyiv in 1982.

…sought to win over the intelligentsia by bringing the dissident physicist Andrey Sakharov and his wife, Yelena Bonner, back to Moscow from exile in Gorky. The intelligentsia’s support was perceived to be critical if the battle with the bureaucracy was to be won.

…a chronicler of the Russian intelligentsia is apparent in these early novels. Unsympathetic though he may have been to some of the trends in the thinking of the younger, radical generation that emerged after the Crimean War, he endeavoured to portray the positive aspirations of these young men and women…