hromada

The term "hromada" refers to clandestine societies formed in various cities across the Russian Empire, including Ukraine, during the latter half of the 19th century. These "communities" were established to promote Ukrainian culture, education, and publishing under conditions of illegality, as official restrictions were placed on Ukrainian language and national expression.1

Initially, these hromadas were associated with intellectual and political thought, advocating for a federative republic that would ensure Ukrainian national rights. By the end of the century, younger, student-led hromadas became more politically active, with one group in Kharkiv evolving into the Revolutionary Ukrainian Party. This party was the first to formally advocate for an independent Ukraine. The hromadas played a crucial role in fostering Ukrainian national consciousness and political aspirations during a period of significant repression.1