history of Saudi Arabia

This discussion focuses on Saudi Arabia since the 18th century. For a treatment of earlier periods and of the country in its regional context, see Arabia.

Although more moderate than Saudi Arabia, Bahrain has generally followed that country’s lead in most foreign policy decisions. The construction of the causeway linking Bahrain with Saudi Arabia has strengthened bilateral relations and regional defense and has helped both countries economically and politically. Bahrain has maintained relatively good relations…

…of about 1,000 soldiers from Saudi Arabia and 500 police officers from the United Arab Emirates entered the country via the King Fahd Causeway linking Bahrain and Saudi Arabia. The Bahraini government announced that it had invited the force to preserve public order. However, members of the opposition objected, condemning…

into conflict with Saudi Arabia, which supported the Yemeni royalists, and with the United States, which backed the Saudis. Until then Nasser had managed to obtain substantial aid from both the Soviet Union and the United States. Because of congressional opposition to Nasser’s policies, U.S. aid was cut…

The rebellion opened a new era: thereafter, Ibn Saud’s task was to strengthen his government, not expand his rule. On September 23, 1932, he issued a decree to unify his domains, Najd and the Hejaz, into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The new…

…of the modern state of Saudi Arabia, which Riḍā considered a model Islamic state.

In Saudi Arabia, on the other hand, the state regulated public life according to Islamic norms, using a rigorous interpretation of Sharīʿah (Islamic law).

In Saudi Arabia in 1992 a “Memorandum of Advice” was signed by more than 100 ulama and Islamists and was sent to Sheikh ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn Bāz, the head of the Board of Senior Ulama and grand mufti of the state, to be passed on to…

Jeddah eventually was incorporated into Saudi Arabia. In 1947 the city walls were demolished, and rapid expansion followed. The city takes its name (which means “ancestress” or “grandmother”) from the location there of the reputed tomb of Eve, which was destroyed in 1928 by the Saudi government whose Wahhābī leanings…

…by the Kuwaiti government-in-exile in Saudi Arabia, did not stop Iraq from harshly imposing its rule on Kuwait.

…create an independent state, enlisting Saudi Arabia’s support against Sultan Saʿīd ibn Taymūr. Clashes between the sultan’s forces and those of the imam continued throughout the 1950s. The authority of the sultan was subsequently restored after a regiment led by British officers moved into the Omani interior and suppressed an…

…and the potential threat to Saudi Arabia, the world’s largest oil producer and exporter.

…the fearful King Fahd of Saudi Arabia looked at once to Washington and the United Nations for support. President Bush condemned Hussein’s act, as did the British and Soviet governments, and the UN Security Council immediately demanded that Iraq withdraw. Bush echoed the Carter Doctrine by declaring that the integrity…

…problems, including debts owed to Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. The Iraqi president also viewed himself as the leader of Pan-Arab nationalism and socialism, two ideologies firmly opposed by the conservative monarchies that controlled most of the Arabian Peninsula outside of Yemen.

Efforts by Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar to fund and arm rebels became increasingly public in late 2012 and 2013. The United States, which had been reluctant to send weapons for fear of inadvertently arming radical jihadists who would someday turn against the West, eventually started a modest…

Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates gave formal recognition to the Taliban government after the fall of Kabul, but the movement was denied Afghanistan’s seat at the UN and came under vigorous international criticism for its extreme views—with regard to women in particular—and its…

…creation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932 and assured Wahhābī religious and political dominance on the Arabian Peninsula.

Ibn Saud’s zealous Wahhābī followers, arriving in the more cosmopolitan atmosphere of Hejaz society, were now exposed to the world of Islam at large. Ibn Saud managed the resulting problems with firmness and tact. He had furthermore to enforce his rule over the…