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Formal logic
Introduction
General observations
The propositional calculus
Basic features of PC
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Validity in PC
Interdefinability of operators
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Special systems of PC
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Nonstandard versions of PC
Natural deduction method in PC
The predicate calculus
The lower predicate calculus
Validity in LPC
Logical manipulations in LPC
Classification of dyadic relations
Axiomatization of LPC
Semantic tableaux
Special systems of LPC
Definite descriptions
Higher-order predicate calculi
Modal logic
Alternative systems of modal logic
Validity in modal logic
Set theory
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Formal logic: Media
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Alfred North Whitehead
Alfred North Whitehead.
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in these related Britannica articles:
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