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Disinformation is false information deliberately spread to mislead and manipulate facts. It differs from misinformation, which is the inadvertent spread of false information without intent to harm. The term "disinformation" has roots in Russian and was used by the Soviet government as a political tactic.123

Disinformation can be spread through various means, including rumors, conspiracy theories, and manipulated images or videos. It poses significant challenges in the 21st century, particularly in the complex information landscape shaped by the internet and social media. Disinformation can influence public opinion, affect elections by undermining trust in the electoral process, and even have severe health consequences, as seen during the COVID-19 pandemic. Identifying and combating disinformation requires developing verification skills, critical thinking, and consulting multiple credible sources.3124

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