dharma

In Jainism, dharma is a multifaceted concept. It encompasses moral virtue and, uniquely, serves as an eternal substance that facilitates movement. The ultimate goal in Jainism is the purification and perfection of the soul, achieving liberation (moksha) from the cycle of rebirth. This liberation is hindered by karmas, material particles generated by actions that bind the soul to physical existence.12

Jain metaphysics views reality as composed of eternal, indestructible elements including soul, matter, space, and principles of motion and rest. Time is also considered eternal, cycling through ascending and descending ages. The universe is divided into lower, middle, and celestial worlds, with human activity focused on Jambudvipa, the only continent where liberation is possible.3