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cryptology
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A Vigenere cipher table displays the alphabet in both the top row and left column, with rows shifted to create a grid for encryption and decryption. Highlighted letters illustrate how to use the table. An explanation and example using the words cipher, key, and plaintext appears to the right. Letter frequency analysis of a Vigenère cipher Frequency distribution for plaintext and its repeated-key Vigenère cipher Diagram explaining the German ADFGVX cipher from World War I, showing a biliteral substitution array, examples of plaintext and intermediate ciphertext in red, and a transposition matrix with final ciphertext in blue. A circular cipher disk labeled Signal Corps U.S. Army, featuring two concentric rings of letters used for manual encryption by rotating the inner ring to align different alphabets. Enigma Hagelin M-209 U.S. cipher machine with its case open, showing exposed gears, rotors, and mechanical components used for encoding messages during World War II. Purple cipher machine Jade cipher machine
How William Friedman Tried to Prove That Francis Bacon Wrote Shakespeare's Plays
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A botanical illustration from the Voynich manuscript, a codex, scientific or magical text in an unidentified language, in cipher; end of the 15th or during the 16th century (?).
Codes, Secrets, and Ciphers Quiz
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How William Friedman Tried to Prove That Francis Bacon Wrote Shakespeare's Plays
An introduction to William F. Friedman, the breaker of the Japanese Purple code in...
Video: Courtesy of Folger Shakespeare Library; CC-BY-SA 4.0 (A Britannica Publishing Partner)

Images

Vigenère table
In encrypting plaintext, the cipher letter is found at the intersection of the column...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Letter frequency analysis of a Vigenère cipher
The text of this article was encrypted with a repeated-key Vigenère cipher—the key...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Frequency distribution for plaintext and its repeated-key Vigenère cipher
The most frequent plaintext letter is assigned a value of 100 and the remaining plaintext...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
ADFGVX cipher
The ADFGVX cipher, employed by the German army in World War I.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
U.S. Army cipher disk
United States Army cipher diskUsed...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc
Enigma
Enigma cipher machine of World War IIThe...
Hagelin M-209 cipher machine
Hagelin design M-209 U.S. cipher machine used for tactical communications during...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Purple cipher machine
Japanese Purple cipher machine of World War...
Jade cipher machine
Japanese Jade cipher machine of World War...
DES flow diagram

Flow diagram for the 16-step Data Encryption Standard (DES) operation.

From Data Encryption Standard, FIPS Publ. no. 46, National Bureau of Standards, 1977
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