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Consolidation in business refers to the combination of two or more independent companies into a single enterprise. This can occur through mergers, where entities become one, or acquisitions, where a larger company buys a smaller one. In an acquisition, the larger company becomes the parent, and the acquired company becomes a subsidiary. Even if subsidiaries maintain separate financial statements, the parent company often prepares consolidated financial statements that reflect the combined performance of all its entities.12

Companies pursue consolidation for various reasons, including eliminating competitors, increasing efficiency, diversifying products and markets, or reducing taxes. This activity often fluctuates with the business cycle, increasing during periods of economic prosperity. Conglomerates, a type of consolidation, involve acquiring companies engaged in activities unrelated to the original firm, often to diversify operations and mitigate risk.13

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