conservative-modernist controversy

The conservative-modernist controversy was a significant theological and cultural conflict within American Protestantism, primarily in the early 20th century. It pitted theological conservatives, often called "fundamentalists," against theological liberals, known as "modernists."

Fundamentalists emphasized the literal interpretation of the Bible and core doctrines such as the virgin birth of Jesus, his atonement, and his resurrection. They opposed modernist theories, including higher biblical criticism and the theory of evolution.1

Modernists, on the other hand, sought to reconcile Christian beliefs with modern scientific and philosophical thought. This led to intense debates within denominations, church trials, and the formation of new organizations and institutions by both sides. The controversy peaked in the 1920s, notably with the Scopes Trial, and led to a realignment within American Protestantism, with many fundamentalists withdrawing from mainstream denominations.12