consent of the faithful

In Roman Catholicism, the "consent of the faithful" traditionally refers to the belief that the collective agreement of laypeople is a source of authentic doctrine. However, this concept has been reinterpreted, with the understanding that the faithful's consent is formed under the guidance of church leaders.1

Vatican II significantly redefined the role of the laity, emphasizing their participation in the church's mission and their judgment on how to live out their Christian faith in the secular world. This led to reforms like the use of vernacular languages in liturgy and the establishment of lay councils. The Code of Canon Law was revised to grant laypeople more rights, including eligibility for church offices and the ability to serve in various liturgical roles. Pope Francis has further promoted lay participation, particularly through synodality.2

The teaching authority of the church, known as the magisterium, is primarily vested in the pope and bishops. While the pope is considered the supreme teacher, Vatican II clarified the collegial nature of his primacy. Bishops are authentic teachers within their dioceses, and their teachings are considered orthodox when in communion with their episcopal colleagues and the pope. Papal infallibility is a doctrine stating that the pope cannot err in matters of faith or morals under specific conditions, as formally defined in 1870.134