classical realism

Classical realism is a theory in international relations that emphasizes the role of the state, national interest, and power in global politics. It posits that states operate in an anarchic international system, meaning there's no central authority to enforce rules. Therefore, states must rely on their own capabilities, or power, to protect their national interests, with survival being the most crucial.

This perspective, influential since World War II, draws on thinkers like Thucydides and Hans Morgenthau. Classical realists are generally pessimistic about radical systemic reform, believing that competition and conflict are inherent due to human nature and the international system's structure. They advocate for a balance of power to manage international affairs.12