Buccaneers were English, French, or Dutch sea adventurers who haunted the Caribbean and the Pacific seaboard of South America, preying on Spanish settlements and shipping during the second half of the 17th century. The term buccaneer comes from the French word boucan , which refers to a grill for smoking meat. The earliest buccaneers were hunters in western Hispaniola (Haiti) in the early 17th century. Over time, they migrated to Tortuga, an island off the coast of Hispaniola, in 1630.

How were buccaneers different from regular pirates?

Buccaneers and pirates, though similar, have key differences. The term buccaneer refers to sea adventurers who haunted the Caribbean and the Pacific seaboard of South America, preying on Spanish settlements and shipping during the second half of the 17th century. The word buccaneer came into use after the 1684 publication of Bucaniers [sic] of America . Initially, buccaneers were French wild game hunters in western Hispaniola. Over time, they became a mix of adventurers, raiding Spanish ships and drawing support from England and France. Unlike typical pirates, buccaneers primarily targeted Spain and, though their commissions were often invalid, are distinct from the outlawed pirates of the 18th century.

What did buccaneers do in the Caribbean?

Buccaneers were maritime adventurers who primarily operated in the Caribbean and along the Pacific coast of South America during the 17th century, preying on Spanish settlements and shipping. The term buccaneer came from the French word boucan , a grill for smoking meat, which they initially used as hunters in Hispaniola. Inspired by figures like Sir Francis Drake, they targeted Spanish interests, often with support from England and France, becoming a menace to Spanish control in the region. Though sometimes confused with pirates , buccaneers gained notoriety through memoirs and tales of their exploits, influencing literature and popular culture.

Why were buccaneers sometimes supported by governments?

Buccaneers, who haunted the Caribbean and the Pacific seaboard of South America, were sea adventurers who preyed on Spanish settlements and shipping during the second half of the 17th century. Buccaneers were supported by governments because they allowed states to project maritime power beyond the capabilities of their regular navies. Also, the raids of buccaneers on Spanish shipping endeared them to Spain’s colonial rivals, England and France, which offered them various forms of support.

What caused the decline of buccaneers and their activities?

The end of buccaneering came about due to a combination of political and economic shifts in the late 17th century. After the Treaty of Madrid in 1670, which aimed to resolve Anglo-Spanish conflicts, the English authorities started to suppress buccaneering, though they lacked the naval resources to do so effectively. Additionally, the outbreak of the War of the Grand Alliance in 1689 led many buccaneers to become privateers in the service of their respective nations, marking the end of buccaneering as a distinct phenomenon.

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Key People:: William Dampier; Sir Henry Morgan; Alexander Selkirk; Louis Granmont

Related Topics:: naval warfare; piracy; Pirates, Privateers, Corsairs, Buccaneers: What’s the Difference?

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Top Questions

What is a buccaneer?
Buccaneers were English, French, or Dutch sea adventurers who haunted the Caribbean and the Pacific seaboard of South America, preying on Spanish settlements and shipping during the second half of the 17th century. The term buccaneer comes from the French word boucan, which refers to a grill for smoking meat. The earliest buccaneers were hunters in western Hispaniola (Haiti) in the early 17th century. Over time, they migrated to Tortuga, an island off the coast of Hispaniola, in 1630.
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Where and when did buccaneers mainly operate?
Buccaneers mainly operated in the Caribbean and along the Pacific seaboard of South America, preying on Spanish settlements and shipping. Their activities peaked during the second half of the 17th century.

Initially, buccaneers were hunters in western Hispaniola (Haiti) in the early 17th century before spreading to Tortuga and Jamaica, with the French and English offering support. By 1630, they had migrated to Tortuga. They targeted Spain, which sought to remove them from its territories.
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How were buccaneers different from regular pirates?
Buccaneers and pirates, though similar, have key differences. The term buccaneer refers to sea adventurers who haunted the Caribbean and the Pacific seaboard of South America, preying on Spanish settlements and shipping during the second half of the 17th century. The word buccaneer came into use after the 1684 publication of Bucaniers [sic] of America.

Initially, buccaneers were French wild game hunters in western Hispaniola. Over time, they became a mix of adventurers, raiding Spanish ships and drawing support from England and France. Unlike typical pirates, buccaneers primarily targeted Spain and, though their commissions were often invalid, are distinct from the outlawed pirates of the 18th century.
3 Britannica Sources
Created from Britannica articles using AI. AI can make mistakes, so verify using Britannica articles.
What did buccaneers do in the Caribbean?
Buccaneers were maritime adventurers who primarily operated in the Caribbean and along the Pacific coast of South America during the 17th century, preying on Spanish settlements and shipping. The term buccaneer came from the French word boucan, a grill for smoking meat, which they initially used as hunters in Hispaniola.

Inspired by figures like Sir Francis Drake, they targeted Spanish interests, often with support from England and France, becoming a menace to Spanish control in the region. Though sometimes confused with pirates, buccaneers gained notoriety through memoirs and tales of their exploits, influencing literature and popular culture.
3 Britannica Sources
Created from Britannica articles using AI. AI can make mistakes, so verify using Britannica articles.
Why were buccaneers sometimes supported by governments?
Buccaneers, who haunted the Caribbean and the Pacific seaboard of South America, were sea adventurers who preyed on Spanish settlements and shipping during the second half of the 17th century.

Buccaneers were supported by governments because they allowed states to project maritime power beyond the capabilities of their regular navies. Also, the raids of buccaneers on Spanish shipping endeared them to Spain’s colonial rivals, England and France, which offered them various forms of support.
3 Britannica Sources
Created from Britannica articles using AI. AI can make mistakes, so verify using Britannica articles.
What caused the decline of buccaneers and their activities?
The end of buccaneering came about due to a combination of political and economic shifts in the late 17th century.

After the Treaty of Madrid in 1670, which aimed to resolve Anglo-Spanish conflicts, the English authorities started to suppress buccaneering, though they lacked the naval resources to do so effectively. Additionally, the outbreak of the War of the Grand Alliance in 1689 led many buccaneers to become privateers in the service of their respective nations, marking the end of buccaneering as a distinct phenomenon.
2 Britannica Sources
1. buccaneer
2. Pirates, Privateers, Corsairs, Buccaneers: What’s the Difference?
Created from Britannica articles using AI. AI can make mistakes, so verify using Britannica articles.

buccaneer, English, French, or Dutch sea adventurer who haunted chiefly the Caribbean and the Pacific seaboard of South America, preying on Spanish settlements and shipping during the second half of the 17th century. In their own day, buccaneers were usually called privateers; the word buccaneer came into use after the publication, in 1684, of Bucaniers [sic] of America, the English translation of De Americaensche zee-rovers, by the Dutchman Alexander Esquemelin (or Exquemelin), whose work was a fecund source of tales of these men.

The term buccaneer comes from the French boucan, a grill for the smoking of viande boucanée, or dried meat, for use in ships at sea. The French called their adventurers flibustiers (from the Dutch vrijbuiter, “freebooter”), and the Dutch called theirs zeerovers (“sea robbers”); the Spaniards called them corsarios (“corsairs”). The earliest buccaneers were hunters in western Hispaniola (Haiti) in the early 17th century. They spread from there to the island of Tortuga, the French governors of which were liberal in issuing commissions for attacks on Spanish maritime trade. Jamaica, after its capture by the English in 1655, also afforded a base for their activities.

The early buccaneers were usually escaped servants, former soldiers, and logwood cutters from the Campeche coast (in present southern Mexico). They exercised a democratic discipline among themselves when they went off “on the account,” electing their captains, marooning mutineers, arranging for the equitable distribution of shares of plunder, and drawing up elaborate insurance schemes for injuries suffered. Because they attracted to their ranks such remarkable men as William Dampier, Lionel Wafer, and Basil Ringrose, who wrote racy accounts of their adventurous cruises, they had a greater influence on later generations than was justified by their exploits.

Old medieval wooden pirate military war ship with a cannon on the deck pointed out and aiming

Britannica Quiz

Spot the Difference: Pirates, Privateers, Corsairs, and Buccaneers

The historical importance of the buccaneers lies chiefly in the influence that they had on the founding of the abortive Scottish colony at Darién, on the Isthmus of Panama (1698), and on the foundation of the South Sea Company and also in the way in which they inspired later and more serious voyages of exploration in the Pacific by the publicity that their writings enjoyed. Their stories also influenced such important authors as Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe, and Robert Louis Stevenson. The chief bond between these Brethren of the Coast, as they styled themselves, was hostility toward the Spaniards, who then regarded the Caribbean and the South Pacific sea lanes as their monopoly.

The buccaneers were largely inspired by the example of 16th-century seamen such as Sir Francis Drake, but they are to be distinguished from genuine privateers because the commissions that they held were seldom valid. They are also to be distinguished from the outlawed pirates of the 18th century, although many of the buccaneers’ actions can be called piratical.

The earliest buccaneers went under assumed names, such as L’Olonnais (Jean-David Nau) or Rock Brasiliano, a Dutchman who had lived in Brazil. With the appearance of Sir Henry Morgan, an outstanding leader, they began to organize themselves into powerful bands that captured Portobelo in 1668 and Panama in 1671. As the Treaty of Madrid (1670) had only recently been signed to compose Anglo-Spanish differences in those parts, the news of his success at Panama was not officially welcome. Morgan was brought back to England under arrest, but, on the renewal of trouble with Spain, he was knighted and sent out as deputy governor of Jamaica. He and his superiors attempted to suppress buccaneering, a task impossible without adequate naval patrols. The last great buccaneering enterprise was the unsuccessful attack on Panama in about 1685 by a force of about 3,000 men led by Edward Davis, John Eaton, Charles Swan, and others. On the outbreak of the War of the Grand Alliance in 1689, these freebooters became legitimate privateers in the service of their respective nations, and buccaneering came to an end.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Michael Ray.

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