anagram

anagram, a word or group of words formed by transposing the letters of another word or group of words, preferably bearing some logical relation to the original.

The invention of anagrams is often ascribed without authority to Jewish writers, probably because the Kabbalists in particular were fond of them. In earlier Talmudic and Midrashic literature, anagrams were used to interpret the Hebrew Bible. Anagrams were also known to the ancient Greeks and Romans. The Latin words ars magna mean “great art,” and their letters when transposed form the word anagrams. This coincidence has often been cited to demonstrate a thriving culture of anagrams in ancient Rome. No documented proof of this culture exists, but Latin anagrams exist in the form of phrases such as Quid est veritas? (“What is truth?”), which transposes to Est vir qui adest (“It is this man here”).

Anagrams were popular throughout Europe during the Middle Ages and later, particularly in France, where a certain Thomas Billon was appointed “anagrammatist to the king.” The making of anagrams was an exercise of many European religious orders in the 16th and 17th centuries, and the angelical salutation Ave Maria, gratia plena, Dominus tecum (“Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with thee”) was a favourite base; it was transposed to hundreds of variations, such as, for example, Virgo serena, pia, munda, et immaculata (“Virgin serene, holy, pure, and immaculate”). The poet Walter Quin, who taught the future King Charles I of England, is known to have composed poetic anagrams of King James I’s name in Latin, Italian, French, and English.

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Lewis Carroll, an obsessive word game player as well as a Tory, once came up with Wild agitator, means well as an anagram for William Ewart Gladstone, the name of the Liberal British prime minister at the time. The Shakespearean nonce word honorificabilitudinitatibus, from Love’s Labor’s Lost, was once transposed as Hi ludi F. Baconis nati tuiti orbi, which translates to “These plays, born of F. Bacon, are preserved for the world”; this “hidden” anagram was considered proof that William Shakespeare did not write the plays attributed to him. Among other anagrams are Flit on, cheering angel from Florence Nightingale (also, incidentally, an anagram created by Lewis Carroll) and Radium came from Madam Curie; both are examples of anagrams exhibiting a deeply, perhaps eerily logical relation to the person named. The pseudonyms adopted by authors are often anagrams. So, too, authors may deploy anagrams of their own names in their work. The novelist Vladimir Nabokov, for example, introduced a character called Vivian Darkbloom in his novel Lolita. In the Doors’ song “L.A. Woman,” Jim Morrison calls himself Mr. Mojo Risin’, an anagram of his name. In J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, a version of the antagonist, Lord Voldemort, from 50 years prior shows Harry how he used an anagram to change his original name, Tom Marvolo Riddle, to I am Lord Voldemort.

Today anagrams are used in multiple recreational activities. They are commonly seen in crossword puzzles. Cryptic crossword puzzles frequently use anagram-based clues, with a descriptive term such as confused or damaged or mixed up indicating that the clue has an anagram. For example, the clue “Steal damaged orb (3)” indicates that the answer means “steal” and is an anagram of orb, thus leading to the answer rob. Likewise, the clue “animal mauls Dan and Pa (5)” leads to the five-letter answer panda.

A wide variety of games are based on anagrams. The board game Anagrams has players competing to make and collect as many words as possible, either by using new letters as they are revealed or by spotting anagrams and poaching opponents’ words. Antigrams is an anagram game wherein the letters in a word must be rearranged to make a word or phrase that means the opposite. For example, the word violence becomes nice love, and funeral changes to real fun. The anagram-based game Countdown was devised by Armand Jammot as a French word game, and it was adapted for British television in 1982 with the same name. On the TV show two contestants must solve a nine-letter anagram (called the “conundrum”). Logogriphs is another version, wherein players must guess a word based on clues provided to letters in the word. For example, “I am a 6-letter word and an expert. My 1,2,3,4 can be found on a ship. My 3,5,4 come between ready and go. My 5,6 indicate hesitation” provides the answer, master. Transadditions and transdeletions are word games in which players make new words by adding or removing a letter, respectively, from a given word and then rearranging the letters. Games such as The New York Times’s Spelling Bee ask players to make as many words as they can using seven letters.

Scrabble is one of the more popular board games to feature anagramming as a key player skill. Players must form interlocking words on a board using tiles bearing letters. Players draw seven tiles from a pool at the start and replenish their supply after each turn. Words must be formed by interlocking one or more of the players’ letters with letters already on the board. Players seek to form as high-scoring a word as possible from the letters available. This requires skills similar to anagram-making, as myriad word possibilities exist, all with different possible scores based on the word created and how it fits into the grid. A premium is placed on using all seven letters at once; this act earns a player 50 bonus points and is called a “bingo.”

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Anagram dictionaries and generators exist to help people play (and sometimes cheat) at crosswords and Scrabble. A popular anagram generator, the Internet Anagram Server, created by Anu Garg, is itself named as an anagram of I, rearrangement servant.