agency

Agency refers to the capacity of actors to make things happen. In political theory, agency is typically attributed to human actors, with some theorists distinguishing between human agency and political agency. The concept is debated regarding who qualifies as an agent, the necessary abilities for agency, and the extent of their effectiveness in determining outcomes.1

Theoretical approaches often view agents as individuals, with rationality being a key characteristic. Rational-choice theory sees agents as strategic decision-makers, while Kantian philosophy emphasizes moral agency, requiring autonomy and the capacity for normative decision-making. Organizations and states can also be treated as agents in certain contexts.1

Criticisms of agency theories include the idea that agency is a historical phenomenon that can be gained or lost, and that not all individuals possess equal capacities for agency. Marxist perspectives argue that social structures, rather than individuals, are the primary agents of historical change. The structure-agency debate explores the reciprocal relationship between agents and the structures that shape them.1

The concept of agency is closely linked to the philosophical debate surrounding free will and determinism. Determinism posits that all events are causally inevitable, which some argue is incompatible with free will and moral responsibility. Conversely, compatibilists believe determinism and free will can coexist, often by redefining free will. Libertarians argue for indeterminism and genuine free will, though this view faces challenges regarding the intelligibility of random actions.234