Why have critics called modernization theory Eurocentric?

Critics characterize modernization theory as Eurocentric because it posits that the Western experience of industrialization and development serves as the universal model for all societies. By equating "modernity" with the economic, political, and social standards of Western Europe and the United States, the theory implicitly frames non-Western nations as being at an earlier or "lower" stage of development.12

This perspective is considered Eurocentric for several key reasons:

• Linear Progression: Early models, such as those proposed by Walt W. Rostow, suggested a fixed sequence of stages that all societies must pass through to become modern, effectively using Western history as the blueprint for the rest of the world.2
• Imposed Transformation: Non-Western societies were often pressured or forced to adopt Western-style institutions, sometimes while under colonial rule, with the assumption that becoming "modern" meant becoming like Western industrial society.1
• Triumphalism: Some theorists have argued that Western dominance is inherently beneficial for all, viewing the global spread of Western consumer goods and institutions as an irresistible and positive force.3

While critics argue this framework ignores the unique cultural and historical contexts of non-Western nations, proponents maintain that the theory simply reflects the historical fact of Western global dominance since the 19th century.3