Why do Muslims fast during Ramadan?

Muslims fast during the month of Ramadan as one of the five Pillars of Islam, an obligation known as ṣawm. This practice is prescribed in the Qurʾān (2:183) with the purpose of helping believers become more mindful of God.123

The fast serves several profound religious and personal purposes:

• Self-Restraint: It is a time to practice discipline by refraining from food, drink, sexual activity, and immoral behaviors, including unkind or impure thoughts.23
• Spiritual Focus: The period encourages deep consideration of religious matters and a focus on God. It is believed that fasting the entire month can absolve sins.2
• Commemoration: The month is significant because it is when the Qurʾān was revealed, specifically during the "Night of Power" observed in the final ten days of the month.1
• Piety and Charity: The fast fosters piety and generosity. Acts of charity, such as zakāt, are considered to hold greater value during this holy time.23

While fasting is a central requirement for able-bodied adults, the tradition emphasizes ease over hardship, providing exemptions for the ill, elderly, travelers, and others in need.14