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Why did Subhas Chandra Bose leave the leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1939?

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Collage of raised-fist silhouettes over a halftone orange, yellow, and green background, featuring historic newspaper text and faint crowd imagery. — Indian Independence Movement In August 1947 British rule ended on the Indian subcontinent.

Subhas Chandra Bose resigned as president of the Indian National Congress in 1939 due to escalating ideological and strategic tensions with Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi and his faction.1

While Bose had been re-elected as president in 1939—defeating Gandhi’s favored candidate, Pattabhi Sitaramayya—the two leaders held fundamentally different visions for India's future. Their primary disagreements included:1

Strategy: Gandhi advocated for nonviolent protest, whereas Bose favored a more militant, aggressive approach to challenging British rule.21
Economic Policy: Bose promoted broad industrialization and socialist-leaning policies, which conflicted with Gandhi’s emphasis on self-sufficiency and reliance on cottage industries.21

These irreconcilable differences reached a peak during his second term, leading Bose to resign his leadership position. Following his departure, he founded the Forward Bloc in an attempt to rally radical elements of the independence movement.1