Which grammatical markers are shared by many Afro-Asiatic languages?

Due to the great antiquity of the Proto-Afro-Asiatic language, only a few grammatical markers have survived across all divisions of the phylum. The most prominent shared markers include:

• Feminine gender marker: The consonant t is widely recognized as a marker for the feminine gender.1
• Second-person marker: The consonant k serves as a marker for the second person.1

In addition to these, various elements are used to mark demonstratives, articles, and gender, often appearing singly or in combination. These include n, k, and u or w for the masculine, and t and i for the feminine. Other elements with more limited distribution, such as l, h, and š or s, are also utilized to form demonstratives.2

Furthermore, many Afro-Asiatic languages employ similar pronominal elements in both prefix and suffix positions within verb conjugation to indicate the person, gender, and number of the subject. For example, the third-person singular feminine is frequently marked by the prefix ta- or ti-.2