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What does Axel Bruns mean by the term produser?

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The first-generation Apple iPhone — media convergence In addition to functioning as a cell phone, Apple's touchscreen iPhone, released in 2007, has a built-in Web browser for viewing Internet content over wireless telephone networks and Wi-Fi connections. The iPhone also can be used as a multimedia playback device for listening to music or viewing videos.

The term "produser," coined by Australian media scholar Axel Bruns, refers to an Internet user who functions simultaneously as both a user and a creator of online content.1

In the context of media convergence, this concept highlights a fundamental shift in how individuals interact with digital platforms. Unlike the traditional 20th-century model, which maintained an asymmetrical relationship between professional media producers and passive audiences, the rise of Web 2.0 and social media has empowered users to transition from mere consumers to active participants.1

By engaging in user-created content, produsers contribute to a collaborative environment where the boundaries between amateur and expert become increasingly blurred. This shift represents a disruptive force in the media landscape, fostering greater user autonomy, increased participation, and a more diverse range of information and entertainment.1