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What Is the Origin of the Word Mafia?
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Tommaso Buscetta
Tommaso Buscetta Police escorting Tommaso Buscetta upon his arrival in Rome after being deported from Brazil, 1972.

What Is the Origin of the Word Mafia?

Written by
Andrew Pereira
Andrew Pereira is a senior editor at Encyclopaedia Britannica. He covers a variety of topics, with a focus on Indian politics, foreign policy, and global affairs.
Andrew Pereira
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Britannica Editors
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree....
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History

The word Mafia refers to an organized criminal association and often evokes images of mobsters, secret crime families, and major scandals such as the 2025 NBA betting and gambling case. Although scholars agree that the word originated in Sicily, its exact roots remain a mystery.

In modern usage mafia is most closely associated with the Sicilian Mafia or the Italian American mob, but the word was not always linked to organized crime. One theory traces it to the Sicilian word mafiusu, used to describe someone with “swagger,” “bravado,” or “arrogance.” The 1863 play I Mafiusi della Vicaria (“Heroes of Vicaria Prison”) by Giuseppe Rizzotto and Gaspare Mosca tells the story of a defiant group of prisoners who practice behavior and customs that later became associated with the Mafia, including omertà (a code of silence). The play’s popularity may have helped spread the use of the words mafiusi and mafia, both of which later came to denote criminal organizations.

The word’s origins have also been linked to the Arabic language. In the book Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America’s Most Powerful Mafia Empires (2005), author Selwyn Raab notes that the word Mafia likely traced back to an unspecified Sicilian Arabic phrase that meant “acting as a protector against the arrogance of the powerful.” Sicily was under Arab rule from the 9th to the 11th centuries, and scholars have suggested that the word Mafia could have been inspired by several Arabic words, including mafie, mahyas, and Maafir.

Mafie refers to the caves in the Marsala region of Sicily, where Arab forces are thought to have taken refuge from Norman raids during the 11th century. Some scholars suggest that Giuseppe Garibaldi’s troops found shelter in these caves during the 1860 campaign to unify Italy, with the word mafiusi roughly translating to “the brave people from the caves.” Mahyas or mahias translates to “a bold or arrogant person,” whereas Maafir was likely an Arab tribe that once ruled the region of Palermo.

Another theory claims that the word Mafia is an acronym from the medieval anti-French slogan “Morte alla Francia Italia anela,” or “Death to France is Italy’s cry.”

Andrew Pereira