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The case of Vieth v. Jubelirer (2004) addressed the issue of partisan gerrymandering, which is the practice of drawing electoral district boundaries to favor one political party. In this case, a group of Pennsylvania voters challenged the state's congressional redistricting map, arguing it was unconstitutionally biased against Democrats.123

A plurality of the U.S. Supreme Court held that claims of partisan gerrymandering are not justiciable, meaning federal courts cannot rule on them, because there are no clear, manageable standards to assess such claims. This decision suggested that political gerrymandering is a "political question" best left to the political branches of government. However, subsequent cases like Gill v. Whitford and Rucho v. Common Cause have continued to grapple with the justiciability of partisan gerrymandering, with the Supreme Court ultimately ruling in Rucho that federal courts cannot hear such claims.342

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