Treaties of Tianjin
Quick Summary
The Treaties of Tianjin were a series of agreements signed in 1858 that supplemented earlier treaties between China and foreign imperialist powers, primarily following the second Opium War. These treaties were part of a broader pattern of "unequal treaties" where China was compelled to cede territorial and sovereignty rights.1
Key provisions of the Treaties of Tianjin included:
* Allowing foreign diplomats to reside in Beijing.
* Granting foreigners the right to travel throughout China.
* Opening the Yangtze River to foreign navigation.
* Permitting Christian missionaries to spread their faith.
* Legalizing the importation of opium and the coolie trade.
* Opening ten new ports for foreign trade and residence.1
These treaties expanded upon the concessions made in earlier agreements like the Treaty of Nanjing (1842), which had already forced China to cede Hong Kong and open several treaty ports to foreign trade.12
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Opium WarsThe second Opium WarThe treaties of Tianjin, signed in June 1858, provided residence in Beijing for foreign envoys, the opening of several new ports to Western trade and residence, the right of foreign travel in the interior of China, and freedom of movement for Christian missionaries. In further negotiations…
Read MoreThe treaties of Tianjin, signed in June 1858, provided residence in Beijing for foreign envoys, the opening of several new ports to Western trade and residence, the right of foreign travel in the interior of China, and freedom of movement for Christian missionaries. In further negotiations…
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unequal treatyThe resulting treaties of Tianjin (Tientsin; 1858) supplemented the old treaties by providing for the residence of foreign diplomats in Beijing (Peking), the right of foreigners to travel in the interior of China, the opening of the country’s major waterway, the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang), to foreign…
Read MoreThe resulting treaties of Tianjin (Tientsin; 1858) supplemented the old treaties by providing for the residence of foreign diplomats in Beijing (Peking), the right of foreigners to travel in the interior of China, the opening of the country’s major waterway, the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang), to foreign…
Read More
ChinaThe anti-foreign movement and the second Opium War (Arrow War)During June four Tianjin treaties were concluded that provided for, among other measures, the residence of foreign diplomats in Beijing and the freedom of Christian missionaries to evangelize their faith.
Read MoreDuring June four Tianjin treaties were concluded that provided for, among other measures, the residence of foreign diplomats in Beijing and the freedom of Christian missionaries to evangelize their faith.
Read More- ChinaForeign relations in the 1860s
…treaties signed in 1858 at Tianjin by the Chinese, British, and French included provisions for them to be revised in the year 1868, at which time the Qing were able to negotiate with due preparations and in an atmosphere of peace for the first time since the Opium Wars. The…
Read More…treaties signed in 1858 at Tianjin by the Chinese, British, and French included provisions for them to be revised in the year 1868, at which time the Qing were able to negotiate with due preparations and in an atmosphere of peace for the first time since the Opium Wars. The…
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BeijingThe Ming and Qing dynasties…as a result of the treaties of Tianjin in 1858, a permanent British embassy was established in the city, and a legation quarter, situated to the southeast of the palace ground, was reserved for British and other embassies. The legation quarter was besieged for nearly two months by the Boxer…
Read More…as a result of the treaties of Tianjin in 1858, a permanent British embassy was established in the city, and a legation quarter, situated to the southeast of the palace ground, was reserved for British and other embassies. The legation quarter was besieged for nearly two months by the Boxer…
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TianjinEvolution of the cityThe treaties of Tianjin (Tientsin), during the second Opium War (1856–60) against China, were signed by the British, French, and Chinese in 1858. They authorized, among other provisions, the establishment of British and French concessions in Tianjin. Between 1895 and 1902, concessions were given to Japan,…
Read MoreThe treaties of Tianjin (Tientsin), during the second Opium War (1856–60) against China, were signed by the British, French, and Chinese in 1858. They authorized, among other provisions, the establishment of British and French concessions in Tianjin. Between 1895 and 1902, concessions were given to Japan,…
Read More- Xianfeng
…forced China to conclude the Treaties of Tianjin with them in 1858. Xianfeng refused to ratify the treaties, however, and in response Anglo-French forces began to advance on Beijing. Xianfeng refused to believe that the European allies could take his capital but was forced to flee the city in humiliation…
Read More…forced China to conclude the Treaties of Tianjin with them in 1858. Xianfeng refused to ratify the treaties, however, and in response Anglo-French forces began to advance on Beijing. Xianfeng refused to believe that the European allies could take his capital but was forced to flee the city in humiliation…
Read More - Yingkou
Under the Treaty of Tianjin (1858), Niuzhuang was opened to foreign trade, but silt in the lower Liao River (connected upstream with the Hun River) made it unusable, and instead Yingkou was used as the port from 1861 onward. Somewhat confusingly, Europeans referred to the port as…
Read MoreUnder the Treaty of Tianjin (1858), Niuzhuang was opened to foreign trade, but silt in the lower Liao River (connected upstream with the Hun River) made it unusable, and instead Yingkou was used as the port from 1861 onward. Somewhat confusingly, Europeans referred to the port as…
Read More