Treaties of London

…his remonstrances; and by the Treaty of London (1718) the Quadruple alliance—namely, the alliance of Great Britain, France, the United Provinces of the Netherlands, and the Holy Roman emperor Charles VI—decided that, on the extinction of the male line of the Medici, the grand duchy, together with Parma and Piacenza,…

In 1718, by the Treaty of London among the great powers, Victor Amadeus II, duke of Savoy and sovereign of Piedmont, was forced to yield Sicily to the Austrian Habsburgs and in exchange received Sardinia (until then a Spanish possession). Two years later, on Aug. 24, 1720, he formally…

…the European powers negotiated the Treaty of London in July 1840, by which Muḥammad ʿAlī forfeited Syria and Adana in return for the hereditary rule of Egypt. British naval forces threatened the Egyptians, who evacuated the occupied territories in the winter of 1840–41. By 1848 Muḥammad ʿAlī had become senile,…

…disastrous terms from Egypt (Treaty of London, July 1840). In 1849 Abdülmecid’s refusal to surrender Lajos Kossuth and other Hungarian revolutionary refugees to Austria won him the respect of European liberals. Finally, in 1853 the Ottomans were assisted by France, Great Britain, and Sardinia in the Crimean War against…

…powers (except France) through the Treaty of London (July 15, 1840), the Ottomans recovered Syria and eventually consolidated their authority there; but Muḥammad ʿAlī obtained recognition as hereditary ruler of Egypt (1841).

Confirming their position in the Treaty of London (May 30, 1913), which ended the 1912 Balkan War, the powers next determined Albania’s borders with Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece; obtained the withdrawal of foreign troops from Albania; and on July 29, 1913, formally recognized Albania as an independent principality, guaranteed its…

…a peace treaty signed in London on May 30, 1913, the Ottoman Empire lost almost all of its remaining European territory, including all of Macedonia and Albania. Albanian independence was insisted upon by the European powers, and Macedonia was to be divided among the Balkan allies.

…the Ottoman Empire signed the Treaty of London, conceding all but a small strip of its European territory. But it proved impossible to divide the territory peacefully among the victors. Serbia and Greece insisted on retaining most of the Macedonian territory they had occupied, and Romania demanded compensation for its…

The Treaty of London (May 1913), which concluded this First Balkan War, left Bulgaria dissatisfied, but, after that country’s attempt to enforce a new partition in a Second Balkan War, the Treaty of Bucharest (August 1913) confirmed a pattern of boundaries that (with small variations) has…

The Treaty of London (1913) brought territorial gains on the Albanian border and in Kosovo, and it also resulted in a division of the old Ottoman sanjak, or military-administrative district, of Novi Pazar between Serbia and Montenegro. This brought Montenegro to its greatest territorial extent and…

…created state of Albania (Treaty of London, May 30, 1913). In the second (June–July 1913), fought between Bulgaria and the remaining Balkan states (including Romania) over the division of Macedonia, the Ottomans intervened against Bulgaria and recovered part of eastern Thrace, including Edirne. The Ottomans had lost more than