Topographia Christiana

Topographia Christiana was a treatise written around 535–547 AD by Cosmas, a merchant, traveler, theologian, and geographer from Alexandria, Egypt. In this work, Cosmas aimed to demonstrate the literal accuracy of the Biblical depiction of the universe, arguing against the concept of a spherical Earth proposed by Ptolemy.1

Cosmas believed the Earth was a flat rectangle covered by the sky, with heaven above. He envisioned the Sun as much smaller than Earth and revolving around a northern mountain. His views were not representative of contemporary Christian scholars and had little influence on later writers.1