Third Republic

The Third Republic of Madagascar, established in 1993, was marked by significant political instability and economic challenges. Albert Zafy was elected as the first president, but his presidency was hampered by a fragmented coalition and opposition stemming from a shift in power balance between the plateau and coastal populations. Economic survival depended heavily on foreign aid, leading to conflicts over conditions imposed by the World Bank and IMF. Zafy's attempts to consolidate power through a referendum and subsequent appointment of a favored prime minister were met with continued opposition, culminating in his impeachment and removal from office in 1996.1

The period following saw further political turmoil, including a severe crisis in 2001 between Marc Ravalomanana and Didier Ratsiraka, which eventually led to Ravalomanana's recognition as president and Ratsiraka fleeing the country. Despite economic reforms and debt relief, Ravalomanana faced continued unrest and a failed coup attempt before his reelection in 2006. A power struggle between Ravalomanana and Andry Rajoelina in 2009 led to a coup and Rajoelina establishing himself as president, though this was condemned internationally.23