The Possibility of Altruism

In ethics, altruism is a theory of conduct that prioritizes the good of others as the goal of moral action. Coined by Auguste Comte, it stands in contrast to egoism. The adequacy of altruism depends on defining "the good." If it means pleasure or happiness, altruists generally agree one should promote others' well-being. However, critics question why one should be obligated to provide happiness for others if not for oneself. Debates also arise concerning conflicts between immediate and long-term good, especially when the giver's and receiver's visions of good differ.1

Thomas Nagel, in The Possibility of Altruism, challenged the idea that reason alone cannot motivate moral action. He argued that accepting the rationality of prudence (caring about one's future well-being) logically leads to accepting the rationality of altruism (caring about others' well-being). This suggests reason can motivate moral action without needing self-interest or benevolent feelings.23