Seven Against Thebes

Seven Against Thebes, in Greek mythology, the seven champions who were killed fighting against Thebes after the fall of Oedipus, the king of that city. The twins Eteocles and Polyneices, who had been cursed by their father, Oedipus, failed to agree on which of them was to succeed to the Theban throne and decided to rule in alternate years. As Eteocles’ turn came first, Polyneices withdrew to Argos, where he married Argeia, daughter of King Adrastus. Another daughter, Deipyle, married Tydeus, son of the exiled king Oeneus of Calydon. At the end of the year, Polyneices’ turn came to rule Thebes. When Eteocles refused to give up the throne, Adrastus mobilized an army, whose chieftains, in Aeschylus’s tragedy about the Seven, were Tydeus, Capaneus, Eteoclus, Hippomedon, Parthenopaeus, Amphiaraus, and Polyneices. Other authors count Adrastus as one of the Seven and omit Hippomedon or Polyneices. During their assault on the city’s seven gates, Capaneus was struck by Zeus’s lightning bolt; Amphiaraus was swallowed up by the earth; Polyneices and Eteocles killed each other, fulfilling Oedipus’s curse; and the others were killed by the guards at Thebes. When the sons of the dead Seven, the Epigoni, or second generation, had grown to manhood, Adrastus again attacked the city and occupied it after the Thebans had evacuated it by night. He died at Megara on the homeward journey.

The story of the Seven was a great favourite in antiquity. It is the subject not only of the lost epic the Thebaid and of Aeschylus’s tragedy Seven Against Thebes but also of Euripides’ play Phoenician Women.