Second Republic

The Second Republic of Madagascar, established in 1976, was led by President Didier Ratsiraka. His government pursued Marxist policies, nationalizing key industries and fostering ties with communist nations. This period was marked by economic difficulties, leading Madagascar to seek loans from the International Monetary Fund and engage in a rapprochement with France.

Despite reelections, Ratsiraka faced growing criticism and protests. Economic reforms, including privatization, benefited a select few and caused public resentment. By 1990, constitutional amendments allowed for broader political participation, leading to the formation of opposition alliances. Protests and a general strike culminated in a power-sharing agreement in 1991, paving the way for a new constitution and the eventual Third Republic.12