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Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated), Protestant church in the Reformed (Calvinist) tradition that arose in the Netherlands in 1944 out of a doctrinal controversy within the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Nederlands Gereformeerde Kerken). Followers of Abraham Kuyper (1837–1920), a Dutch theologian and statesman, promoted teachings on such matters as grace and infant baptism that traditionalists regarded as inconsistent with the three confessions of the Reformation: the Belgic Confession (1561), the Heidelberg Catechism (1563),...