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Ramayana
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The demon king Ravana Painting of the poet Valmiki seated, holding a manuscript and teaching the Ramayana to Kusa and Lava, who sit attentively with another figure and two deer nearby. Eighteenth-century Indian painting showing Rama and Sita seated on a decorated bench, with Hanuman kneeling at their feet and Lakshmana standing nearby in a palace garden. Illustration of Lord Rama breaking Shiva's bow before King Janaka, Sita, and assembled courtiers at a palace temple. Basohli-style painting of Lord Rama's wedding, with the bride and groom beneath a canopy surrounded by richly dressed guests and musicians. Illustration of Ravana raising a sword as he abducts Sita, while the vulture Jatayu attacks overhead in a rocky landscape. Ceremonial textile depicting the Ramayana battle, with Rama's monkey and bear army fighting Ravana's demon forces amid large armed figures. Traditional Hindu painting of Sita seated amid flames during Agni Pariksha, with Rama, Lakshmana, and an attendant standing nearby. Rama's court Two performers in elaborate costumes enact a dramatic scene from the Ramayana; one wears a large ornate headpiece and painted face, the other wears a gold sari and expressive jewelry.
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Chandigarh. Statuettes at the Rock Garden of Chandigarh a sculpture park in Chandigarh, India, also known as Nek Chand's Rock Garden. Created by Nek Chand Saini an Indian self taught artist. visionary artist, folk artist, environmental art
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Ganesha. Hinduism. Ganesha, the elephant-headed Hindu god of beginnings, figure on external walls of a South Indian Temple in Kerala, India.
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Ramayana: References & Edit History

Article Contributors

Primary Contributors

  • Urnesha Bhattacherjee
    Associate Editor, Britannica India
  • Tamanna Nangia
    Tamanna Nangia is Associate Editor, Encyclopaedia Britannica. She has over five years of experience in editorial processes, handling many different aspects of the publishing process: content development, editing, author management, product training, and peer review.
  • The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
    Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.

Other Contributors

Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors

Article History

Type Description Contributor Date
Added cross references. Nov 02, 2026
Updated plot details. Nov 02, 2026
Added cross-reference. Oct 12, 2026
Added a video link. Oct 05, 2026
Article updated. Sep 30, 2026
Add new Web site: Learn Religions - The Ramayana: India's Most Beloved Epic Tale. Jun 08, 2026
Add new Web site: NOVA Open Publishing - World Literature - The Ramayana. Apr 08, 2026
Add new Web site: Digital Commons at Cortland - Subverting Patriarchal Interpretation of the Ramayan through a Feminist Lens: A Critical Study of Sita's Ramayana Feminist Lens: A Critical Study of Sita's Ramayana (PDF). Aug 29, 2025
Article revised and updated. Oct 17, 2024
Add new Web site: UCLA Social Sciences - MANAS - Ramayana. Aug 20, 2024
Add new Web site: Humanities LibreTexts - The R�m�yana. Apr 19, 2024
Add new Web site: McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia - Ramayana. Aug 18, 2023
Add new Web site: IndiaNetzone - Ramayana. May 08, 2023
Add new Web site: GlobalSecurity.org - Ramayana. Mar 28, 2023
Add new Web site: Ancient Origins - Ramayana: The Grand Epic of Ancient India. Jan 06, 2023
Add new Web site: World History Encyclopedia - Ramayana. Oct 06, 2022
Added cross-references. May 27, 2020
Corrected display issue. Oct 05, 2018
Media added. May 05, 2017
Added information on Valmiki's life before the Ramayana. Sep 28, 2016
Article revised. Feb 27, 2015
Add new Web site: Bhaktivedanta Vedabase - Rāmāyaṇa - Retold by Kṛṣṇa Dharma. Jan 30, 2013
Add new Web site: Bhaktivedanta Vedabase - Rāmāyaṇa - Retold by Kṛṣṇa Dharma. Jan 30, 2013
Add new Web site: ILoveIndia.com - Ramayana. Sep 18, 2012
Article revised and romanization changed. Apr 11, 2011
Image added. Apr 11, 2011
Added new Web site: Bharatadesam - Ramayana. Dec 28, 2007
Added new Web site: Valmiki Ramayana. May 23, 2006
Article revised. Apr 28, 2005
Article added to new online database. Jul 20, 1998
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