‘Psychical Distance’ as a Factor in Art and an Aesthetic Principle

Edward Bullough's essay, "'Psychical Distance' as a Factor in Art and an Aesthetic Principle," published in 1912, explores the concept of "psychical distance" as a key element in art appreciation. This concept, also referred to as "aesthetic distance," is the frame of reference an artist creates to psychologically separate a work of art from reality. This is achieved through various technical devices within and around the artwork.123

Bullough's idea suggests that for an object to be appreciated aesthetically, it must be viewed with a degree of detachment from practical concerns. This "distancing" allows the viewer to engage with the artwork for its own sake, rather than for any utilitarian purpose or personal involvement. German playwright Bertolt Brecht, for instance, developed his theory of the "alienation effect" specifically to achieve this aesthetic distance in drama.43