Project 2025

Project 2025 is a wide-ranging set of conservative to ultraconservative recommendations regarding U.S. government structure and policy, as well as a plan of action to facilitate their implementation. Designed and promoted by the Heritage Foundation, a prominent right-wing think tank, the Project was intended for use by the next president should a conservative candidate win the presidential election of 2024. Project 2025 also incorporates a huge database of ideologically vetted candidates for political appointment to executive branch positions and a training program, called the Presidential Administration Academy, to enable potential appointees to operate successfully “from Day One of the next conservative Administration.” At the time of its summary publication in 2023 as Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise 2025, Project 2025 represented the latest edition in the Heritage Foundation’s decades-long series of policy recommendations and political strategies for incoming conservative presidents.

Project 2025 involves contributions from dozens of conservative political organizations and numerous individual supporters of Pres. Donald Trump (2017–21; 2025– ), including several administration officials from his first term. For example, the former director of Project 2025, Paul Dans, was the chief of staff of Trump’s Office of Personnel Management. Although the Project does not explicitly identify itself as a program for a second Trump administration, it has long been understood as a blueprint that Trump could use (and has used) to significantly transform the federal government. Although Trump denied any interest in or involvement with the Project during his 2024 campaign—claiming at one point that “I know nothing about Project 2025,” and “I have no idea who is behind it”—many of the goals of the Project were adopted at the start of his second term, mainly through dozens of executive orders signed by Trump (see Major Executive Orders Issued by U.S. Pres. Donald Trump During His Second Term of Office [2025– ]).

Critics of Project 2025 have argued that the structural and policy changes it calls for would create an authoritarian and Christian nationalist state by massively expanding presidential power and aggressively promoting conservative Christian values. Even some conservatives have come to regard Project 2025 as a serious threat to democracy, the rule of law, civil rights, and the separation of church and state.

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Read the official agenda of Project 2025.

Major recommendations

Among the most fundamental and far-reaching recommendations advanced in Project 2025 are those concerning the so-called “administrative state”—the body of independent administrative agencies that are empowered under federal law to create and enforce their own regulations. The leadership and career officers of administrative agencies were also conventionally exempt from removal without cause, thereby preventing political interference in their operations. Conservatives have long characterized the administrative state as an antidemocratic federal bureaucracy intent on left-wing social engineering. Accordingly, one of the central goals of Project 2025 is to “dismantle the administrative state” by reinstating Schedule F, an employment category formally established by Trump in an executive order issued at the end of his first administration. Schedule F effectively reclassified tens of thousands of specialized civil servants as political appointees, thus enabling their replacement with individuals who would accept Trump’s direct control of their agencies. Trump’s Schedule F order was rescinded by Democratic Pres. Joe Biden in January 2021 and then reinstated by Trump on the first day of his second term in January 2025.

Project 2025 also calls for the immediate dismissal of the senior leadership of the State Department and a “top-to-bottom overhaul” of the Department of Justice, including the FBI, to eliminate the “critical core of personnel who are infatuated with the perpetuation of a radical liberal agenda.” During and after Trump’s first term, the Justice Department had conducted investigations of his campaign’s alleged collusion with Russia, his attempt to overturn the presidential election of 2020, and his illegal removal of classified documents from the White House in 2021.

Project 2025 targets various other allegedly leftist agencies and departments. Its recommendations include abolishing the Department of Education, in part to prevent the perpetuation of “racist, anti-American, ahistorical propaganda” in public schools; dismantling the Department of Homeland Security and replacing it with a cabinet-level department dedicated to sealing the country’s southern border and deporting millions of undocumented immigrants; reforming the Department of Health and Human Services (and renaming it the “Department of Life”) to explicitly reject “the notion that abortion is health care”; reducing the regulatory authority of the Environmental Protection Agency; and breaking up the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), “one of the main drivers of the climate change alarm industry.”

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While not explicitly endorsing Christian nationalism, Project 2025 shares the Christian nationalist views that “families comprised [sic] of a married mother, father, and their children are the foundation of a well-ordered nation and healthy society.” The Project calls upon the government to “maintain a biblically based, social science–reinforced definition of marriage and family” and contends that laws protecting the rights and freedoms of LGBTQ persons have effectively violated or at least disrespected the religious freedom of Christians. Christian nationalist values are reflected in the Project’s recommendation that the religious convictions of employers and health care providers should permit them to discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity, among other factors, and that the government should “require that workers be paid time and a half for hours worked on the Sabbath.”

Key proposals

Project 2025 presents many other related and overlapping structural and policy recommendations involving a broad range of political and social issues. Some of these recommendations are listed below.

• Institute a national ban on pornography. (“Pornography should be outlawed. The people who produce and distribute it should be imprisoned.”)
• Reverse the approval, in 2000, of abortion pills by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
• Enforce the 19th-century Comstock Act to prevent the mailing of abortion pills.
• End or scale back initiatives and regulations designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to expand the country’s reliance on renewable energy. (“The Department of Energy should end the…unprovoked war on fossil fuels, restore America’s energy independence, oppose eyesore windmills built at taxpayer expense, and respect the right of Americans to buy and drive cars of their own choosing.”)
• Withdraw the United States from international agreements on climate change, including the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement, and instead “promote investment in domestic energy, including oil and gas.”
• Weaken the Endangered Species Act by ending its use “to seize private property, prevent economic development, and interfere with the rights of states over their wildlife populations.”
• “Prohibit Planned Parenthood from receiving Medicaid funds” and “pass the Protecting Life and Taxpayers Act, which would accomplish the goal of defunding abortion providers such as Planned Parenthood.”
• Defend American civil society against “woke” culture warriors by deleting any “woke” language from “every federal rule, agency regulation, contract, grant, regulation, and piece of legislation that exists.” (The language in question includes sexual orientation, gender identity, diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI), gender, gender equality, gender equity, gender awareness, gender-sensitive, abortion, reproductive health, reproductive rights, “and any other term used to deprive Americans of their First Amendment rights.”)
• Eliminate the practice of diversity, equity, and inclusion programs in all federal agencies.
• Prohibit the federal government from using taxpayer dollars to fund critical race theory training.
• Work with Congress to amend Title IX—a 1972 federal law prohibiting sex-based discrimination in schools receiving federal funding—to define sex as biological sex recognized at birth and not also as sexual orientation or gender identity.
• Work with Congress to execute radical tax reform in two stages. The first stage would involve reductions in corporate and capital gains tax rates, the simplification of income tax rates, and the elimination of most tax deductions and credits; the second stage would entail the replacement of income and corporate taxes with a consumption tax.