Progressive Democrats

Progressive Democrats, conservative political party that was founded in 1985 as a result of a split within Ireland’s major party, Fianna Fáil, and that officially dissolved in 2009.

History

The Progressive Democrat party was launched on Dec. 21, 1985, principally by Desmond O’Malley, who sought to “break the moulds of Irish political life.” O’Malley had held ministries in all Fianna Fáil governments since 1970 but broke with party leader Charles Haughey over various issues, including contraception, economic policy, and the situation in Northern Ireland. The party was quickly supported by other Fianna Fáil dissidents, along with a few former supporters of Fine Gael and the Labour Party. Its first national conference was held in May 1986, by which time five sitting members of Dáil Éireann (the lower house of the Oireachtas, the Irish parliament) and two members of the Seanad (upper house) had joined. In general elections in February 1987, the party secured almost 12 percent of the popular vote and 14 seats in the Dáil, seemingly gained at the expense of Fine Gael rather than Fianna Fáil. It lost eight seats in the next elections in 1989, but O’Malley then led his party into Fianna Fáil’s first coalition government (1989–92). When this government fell, the Progressive Democrats secured 10 seats in the subsequent general election.

O’Malley resigned as party leader in 1993 and was succeeded by Mary Harney, a cofounder of the Progressive Democrats and the first woman to lead an Irish party. Internal disagreements followed, with deputy leader Pat Cox eventually leaving to successfully defend his European Parliament seat as an independent and another deputy departing for Fianna Fáil. Support slumped in 1997, when only four deputies were returned as the party contested the election in alliance with Fianna Fáil, but the partnership did win enough seats to form a minority government. In the 2002 elections the Progressive Democrats doubled their number of seats and continued in the coalition government. But the party’s collapse in the 2007 election, when it won only two seats, put its survival in doubt, and it decided to disband at a special delegate conference in November 2008. It officially dissolved in November 2009.

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Policy and structure

Ideologically, the Progressive Democrats sought a niche as a secular party of the right, taking liberal positions on the “moral agenda,” accepting the reality of a divided Ireland, and promoting neoliberal economic policies, including lower taxation, privatization, fiscal restraint, and welfare reform. The party’s representative in the European Parliament sat with the Liberal Group in that assembly. The party won much of its support by nominating and electing well-known local deputies who brought their personal followings with them, and, as its ideological territory became more crowded, it depended increasingly on personalities. Among its deputies elected to the Dáil in 1997, three had defected in 1985–86 from Fianna Fáil.

Like most other Irish parties, the basic unit was the branch, which individual members joined. Candidate selection was made within appropriate constituencies by delegates from the branches. There was an annual conference, with an Executive Committee to handle business in the interim, but the parliamentary party determined general policy and provided strategic leadership. Initial support was particularly strong among the middle class, particularly the commercial middle class, and was disproportionately urban and relatively young. At the beginning of the 21st century, as the party relied more and more on the personal followings of local notables, its support became more varied, though it continued to do best in urban areas.