Poetics
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Poetics is a treatise by Aristotle that addresses literary criticism. It is considered one of the most respected discussions of literature. In Poetics, Aristotle counters Plato's argument that poetry is untrustworthy and misleading. Aristotle emphasizes that imitation, or mimesis, is natural to humans and that poets imitate noble actions. He argues that tragedy evokes pity and terror, but these emotions are purged through catharsis, leading to emotional regulation rather than inflaming passions.123
Aristotle identifies six elements of tragedy: plot, character, diction, thought, spectacle, and song, with plot being the most crucial. He also distinguishes between poetry and history, stating that poetry, by dealing with universals and what is probable or necessary, is more philosophical than history. The concept of the "unities" (action, place, and time) in drama was later derived from Aristotle's work by French classicists, though Aristotle himself primarily emphasized the unity of plot.134
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literatureWesternHis Poetics (the surviving fragment of which is limited to an analysis of tragedy and epic poetry) has sometimes been dismissed as a recipe book for the writing of potboilers. Certainly, Aristotle is primarily interested in the theoretical construction of tragedy, much as an architect might…
Read MoreHis Poetics (the surviving fragment of which is limited to an analysis of tragedy and epic poetry) has sometimes been dismissed as a recipe book for the writing of potboilers. Certainly, Aristotle is primarily interested in the theoretical construction of tragedy, much as an architect might…
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literary criticismAntiquityIn his Poetics—still the most respected of all discussions of literature—Aristotle countered Plato’s indictment by stressing what is normal and useful about literary art. The tragic poet is not so much divinely inspired as he is motivated by a universal human need to imitate, and what he…
Read MoreIn his Poetics—still the most respected of all discussions of literature—Aristotle countered Plato’s indictment by stressing what is normal and useful about literary art. The tragic poet is not so much divinely inspired as he is motivated by a universal human need to imitate, and what he…
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comedyOrigins and definitionsAristotle, in his Poetics, states that comedy originated in phallic songs and that, like tragedy, it began in improvisation. Though tragedy evolved by stages that can be traced, the progress of comedy passed unnoticed because it was not taken seriously. When tragedy and comedy arose, poets wrote one…
Read MoreAristotle, in his Poetics, states that comedy originated in phallic songs and that, like tragedy, it began in improvisation. Though tragedy evolved by stages that can be traced, the progress of comedy passed unnoticed because it was not taken seriously. When tragedy and comedy arose, poets wrote one…
Read More- dramatic literatureWestern theory
…of dramatic theory, the fragmentary Poetics of Aristotle (384–322 bce), chiefly reflecting his views on Greek tragedy and his favourite dramatist, Sophocles, is still relevant to an understanding of the elements of drama. Aristotle’s elliptical way of writing, however, encouraged different ages to place their own interpretation upon his statements…
Read More…of dramatic theory, the fragmentary Poetics of Aristotle (384–322 bce), chiefly reflecting his views on Greek tragedy and his favourite dramatist, Sophocles, is still relevant to an understanding of the elements of drama. Aristotle’s elliptical way of writing, however, encouraged different ages to place their own interpretation upon his statements…
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AristotleRhetoric and poeticsThe Poetics is much better known than the Rhetoric, though only the first book of the former, a treatment of epic and tragic poetry, survives. The book aims, among other things, to answer Plato’s criticisms of representative art. According to the theory of Forms, material objects…
Read MoreThe Poetics is much better known than the Rhetoric, though only the first book of the former, a treatment of epic and tragic poetry, survives. The book aims, among other things, to answer Plato’s criticisms of representative art. According to the theory of Forms, material objects…
Read More- prosodyTheories of prosody
…genres; thus, Aristotle (in the Poetics) noted, “Nature herself, as we have said, teaches the choice of the proper measure.” In epic verse the poet should use the heroic measure (dactylic hexameter) because this metre most effectively represents or imitates such qualities as grandeur, dignity, and high passion. Horace narrowed…
Read More…genres; thus, Aristotle (in the Poetics) noted, “Nature herself, as we have said, teaches the choice of the proper measure.” In epic verse the poet should use the heroic measure (dactylic hexameter) because this metre most effectively represents or imitates such qualities as grandeur, dignity, and high passion. Horace narrowed…
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tragedyClassical theoriesperhaps intentionally, by Aristotle’s Poetics. Aristotle defends the purgative power of tragedy and, in direct contradiction to Plato, makes moral ambiguity the essence of tragedy. The tragic hero must be neither a villain nor a virtuous man but a “character between these two extremes,…a man who is not eminently…
Read Moreperhaps intentionally, by Aristotle’s Poetics. Aristotle defends the purgative power of tragedy and, in direct contradiction to Plato, makes moral ambiguity the essence of tragedy. The tragic hero must be neither a villain nor a virtuous man but a “character between these two extremes,…a man who is not eminently…
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- Pierre CorneilleEarly life and career.
…on a misunderstanding of Aristotle’s Poetics, in which the philosopher attempted to give a critical definition of the nature of tragedy. The new theory was first put into dramatic practice in Jean Mairet’s Sophonisbe (1634), a tragedy that enjoyed considerable success. Corneille, not directly involved in the call for regular…
Read More…on a misunderstanding of Aristotle’s Poetics, in which the philosopher attempted to give a critical definition of the nature of tragedy. The new theory was first put into dramatic practice in Jean Mairet’s Sophonisbe (1634), a tragedy that enjoyed considerable success. Corneille, not directly involved in the call for regular…
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German literatureEarly Enlightenment…a literal interpretation of Aristotle’s Poetics, he argued that Nature was governed by reason and that it was the task of poets to imitate reason as it manifested itself in Nature. He also initiated a reform of the German theater aimed on the one hand against the Baroque extravagance of…
Read More…a literal interpretation of Aristotle’s Poetics, he argued that Nature was governed by reason and that it was the task of poets to imitate reason as it manifested itself in Nature. He also initiated a reform of the German theater aimed on the one hand against the Baroque extravagance of…
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humanismTasso’s Aristotelianism…scholars focused particularly on the Poetics. In constructing his epic poem, Tasso was strongly influenced by Aristotle’s views regarding the philosophical dimension of poetry. Loosely paraphrasing Aristotle, he held (in his Apologia [1585]) that poetry, by incorporating both particulars and universals, is capable of seeking truth in its perfect wholeness.…
Read More…scholars focused particularly on the Poetics. In constructing his epic poem, Tasso was strongly influenced by Aristotle’s views regarding the philosophical dimension of poetry. Loosely paraphrasing Aristotle, he held (in his Apologia [1585]) that poetry, by incorporating both particulars and universals, is capable of seeking truth in its perfect wholeness.…
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AristotelianismFrom the Renaissance to the 18th centuryIn the literary field, Aristotle’s Poetics, practically unknown until 1500, was now read and analyzed in both the Greek and Latin versions; its doctrines were compared and partly made to harmonize with the then-prevailing views of the ancient Roman poet Horace, and Aristotle’s view that art imitates nature prevailed for…
Read MoreIn the literary field, Aristotle’s Poetics, practically unknown until 1500, was now read and analyzed in both the Greek and Latin versions; its doctrines were compared and partly made to harmonize with the then-prevailing views of the ancient Roman poet Horace, and Aristotle’s view that art imitates nature prevailed for…
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- anagnorisis
…discussed by Aristotle in the Poetics as an essential part of the plot of a tragedy, although anagnorisis occurs in comedy, epic, and, at a later date, the novel as well. Anagnorisis usually involves revelation of the true identity of persons previously unknown, as when a father recognizes a stranger…
Read More…discussed by Aristotle in the Poetics as an essential part of the plot of a tragedy, although anagnorisis occurs in comedy, epic, and, at a later date, the novel as well. Anagnorisis usually involves revelation of the true identity of persons previously unknown, as when a father recognizes a stranger…
Read More - catharsis
…used by Aristotle in the Poetics to describe the effects of true tragedy on the spectator. The use is derived from the medical term katharsis (Greek: “purgation” or “purification”). Aristotle states that the purpose of tragedy is to arouse “terror and pity” and thereby effect the catharsis of these emotions.…
Read More…used by Aristotle in the Poetics to describe the effects of true tragedy on the spectator. The use is derived from the medical term katharsis (Greek: “purgation” or “purification”). Aristotle states that the purpose of tragedy is to arouse “terror and pity” and thereby effect the catharsis of these emotions.…
Read More - hamartia
…the term casually in the Poetics in describing the tragic hero as a man of noble rank and nature whose misfortune is not brought about by villainy but by some “error of judgment” (hamartia). This imperfection later came to be interpreted as a moral flaw, such as Othello’s jealousy or…
Read More…the term casually in the Poetics in describing the tragic hero as a man of noble rank and nature whose misfortune is not brought about by villainy but by some “error of judgment” (hamartia). This imperfection later came to be interpreted as a moral flaw, such as Othello’s jealousy or…
Read More - peripeteia
…discussed by Aristotle in the Poetics as the shift of the tragic protagonist’s fortune from good to bad, which is essential to the plot of a tragedy. It is often an ironic twist, as in Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex when a messenger brings Oedipus news about his parents that he thinks…
Read More…discussed by Aristotle in the Poetics as the shift of the tragic protagonist’s fortune from good to bad, which is essential to the plot of a tragedy. It is often an ironic twist, as in Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex when a messenger brings Oedipus news about his parents that he thinks…
Read More - poetic diction
…is Aristotle’s remark in the Poetics that it should be clear without being “mean.” But subsequent generations of poets were more scrupulous in avoiding meanness than in cultivating clarity. Depending heavily on expressions used by previous poets, they evolved in time a language sprinkled with such archaic terms as eftsoons,…
Read More…is Aristotle’s remark in the Poetics that it should be clear without being “mean.” But subsequent generations of poets were more scrupulous in avoiding meanness than in cultivating clarity. Depending heavily on expressions used by previous poets, they evolved in time a language sprinkled with such archaic terms as eftsoons,…
Read More - verisimilitude
Aristotle in his Poetics insisted that literature should reflect nature—that even highly idealized characters should possess recognizable human qualities—and that what was probable took precedence over what was merely possible.
Read MoreAristotle in his Poetics insisted that literature should reflect nature—that even highly idealized characters should possess recognizable human qualities—and that what was probable took precedence over what was merely possible.
Read More