Periplus Maris Erythraei

…known to scholars as the Periplus Maris Erythraei mentions an individual who was “king of two nations, the Homerites and the Sabaeans.” But this dual kingship was not definitive: throughout the 2nd and 3rd centuries there were phases of warfare between native Sabaean rulers and Ḥimyarite ones. Royal titulature in…

The Periplus Maris Erythraei, an early Greek manual of sailing directions written in the 1st century ce, described sailing routes from the Red Sea (Maris Erythraei) to coastal areas along the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal to eastern India north of the Ganges delta. During…

…African coast occur in the Periplus Maris Erythraei—apparently written by a Greek merchant living in Egypt in the second half of the 1st century ce—and in Ptolemy’s Guide to Geography, the East African section of which, in its extant form, probably represents a compilation of geographic knowledge available at Byzantium…

…the anonymous Greek travel book Periplus Maris Erythraei, written in the 1st century ce, Adulis is described as an “open harbour” containing a settlement of Greco-Roman merchants. It was through such communities, established for the purposes of trade, that the Christianity of the eastern Mediterranean reached Ethiopia during the reign…

The Periplus Maris Erythraei (“Navigation of the Erythrean [i.e., Red] Sea”), an anonymous Greek travel book written in the 1st century ce, lists a series of ports along the Indian coast, including Muziris (Cranganore), Colchi (Korkai), Poduca, and Sopatma. An excavation at Arikamedu (near present-day Puducherry…

…found in the Greek document Periplus Maris Erythraei (1st century ce; “Navigation of the Erythrean [i.e., Red] Sea”). Those medieval cities exported gums and resins, ostrich feathers, and enslaved people and waged war against the Christian Ethiopians of the interior. The Somali, who occupied those areas alongside other groups, had…