On the Modern Element in Literature

Matthew Arnold, in his lecture "On the Modern Element in Literature," defined "modern" not by contemporary relevance but by a spirit that seeks moral and intellectual "deliverance" when contemplating life's complexities. He believed that in an age of waning religious certainty, literature, particularly poetry, would increasingly serve as a source of value and solace. Arnold advocated for a critical approach that fostered an "awakened and informed intelligence" to analyze literature, theology, history, art, science, sociology, and politics, aiming to "see the object as in itself it really is". He felt English criticism lagged behind that of France and Germany, lacking touch with European standards and often exhibiting a "note of provinciality". Arnold's critical endeavor sought to apply modern ideas to life and letters, urging a move away from complacency and toward a deeper understanding of cultural and spiritual significance.12