Occam’s razor

Occam’s razor is a principle of theory construction or evaluation according to which, other things equal, explanations that posit fewer entities, or fewer kinds of entities, are to be preferred to explanations that posit more. It is sometimes misleadingly characterized as a general recommendation of simpler explanations over more complex ones.

Occam’s razor is credited to William of Ockham, a Franciscan theologian and philosopher who lived during the late 13th to mid-14th century, though he was not the first to propose it. (Durandus of Saint-Pourçain and John Duns Scotus were among those who articulated the idea earlier.) Ockham’s original statement of the principle, in its most common form, is Pluralitas non est ponenda sine necessitate, which translates from Latin to “Plurality should not be posited without necessity.”

In evolutionary biology, the method of maximum parsimony relies on the logic of Occam’s razor, seeking to construct an evolutionary tree that requires the fewest phylogenetic changes along all branches. However, reliance on this method is controversial, because it may oversimplify evolution, which does not always take a minimum path.

The validity of Occam’s razor has long been debated. Critics of the principle argue that it prioritizes simplicity over accuracy and that, since one cannot absolutely define “simplicity,” it cannot serve as a sure basis of comparison. They cite as an example the competing theories of creationism and evolution, in which relative “simplicity” depends on temporal and cultural context.