Neues Organon

The Neues Organon (1764) is the principal philosophical work by Johann Heinrich Lambert. This book delves into a variety of subjects, including formal logic, probability theory, and the principles of science. Lambert was a significant figure in 18th-century logic, developing an elegant and efficient symbolic calculus that paralleled some of Leibniz's earlier work. His system was intensional, using terms to represent concepts rather than individual things. Key features of his logic include separating concepts into genus and differentia, distinguishing between known, undetermined, and unknown concepts, and using an exclusive disjunction operation. Lambert also explored quantification and relational notions, potentially influencing later logicians like Gottlob Frege.123