Nationalist Congress Party

Nationalist Congress Party (NCP), national political party in India. The NCP has described itself as a “millennial party with a modern and progressive orientation” with an ideology of “holistic democracy,” “Gandhian secularism,” and “federalism based national unity.” It has called for a “democratic secular society wedded to equality and social justice.” The party has been fractured several times with leaders defecting to form factions or new parties—since 2023 the NCP has been split vertically with both groups using variations of the party name.

Formation

The NCP was formally established in June 1999 in New Delhi by three former members of the Indian National Congress (Congress Party)—Sharad Pawar, Purno Sangma, and Tariq Anwar—after they had been expelled from that party for demanding that only a person born in India should be allowed to become the country’s president, vice president, or prime minister. The issue arose after Sonia Gandhi, the Italian-born widow of former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi, became leader of the Congress Party and thus ordinarily would become the candidate for prime minister if the party were to gain a parliamentary majority and form a government. Pawar was elected president of the NCP, and Sangma and Anwar became its general secretaries. None of the NCP’s election manifestos, however, has highlighted the foreigner issue.

Early success

The NCP had its greatest electoral success in Maharashtra state. In the first election it contested there, for the state legislative assembly in 1999, it came in third, with 58 seats won out of 223 seats contested. It then allied itself with the Congress Party (which won 75 seats) to form a coalition government in the state. The alliance between the two parties continued in subsequent state and national elections, and the NCP became part of the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) coalition government in 2004 (which chose Manmohan Singh to be prime minister after Sonia Gandhi elected not to run).

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The NCP’s political influence in Maharashtra reached a high point in the 2004 assembly polls, when it won 71 of the 124 seats it contested (compared with the 69 seats won by Congress). In the 2009 state elections, however, the NCP total dropped to 62 of 114 seats contested, while Congress rebounded, garnering 82 seats. However, the two parties still retained enough seats to continue their coalition government.

National challenges and factionalism

The NCP’s performance in states other than Maharashtra and at the national level was much lower. In elections for the Goa state legislative assembly in 2007, the NCP captured three seats, but it won no seats in the state’s 2012 assembly elections. At the national level, the party won eight seats in the Lok Sabha (lower chamber of the Indian parliament) in 1999 and nine seats in both the 2004 and 2009 elections. However, the party received only a small proportion of the nationwide vote (1.8 percent in 2004, which improved slightly to about 2 percent in 2009), and 45 of 46 candidates that the party put forward for seats in states other than Maharashtra lost in 2009. The party did slowly increase its number of seats in the Rajya Sabha (upper chamber of parliament), from four in the 2006 election to seven in the 2010 and 2012 contests, but it suffered a setback in the 2014 Lok Sabha polls, when its representation there was reduced to six seats.

Some of the NCP’s relative weakness nationally was the result of defections from the party’s ranks. One group broke with the party in Kerala in 2002 (although another party merged with the NCP there in 2006), and another faction split off from it in Chhattisgarh in 2004. Perhaps most damaging were the actions of founder Purno Sangma, who pulled his Meghalaya-based faction out of the NCP in 2004. He later returned to the party, but in 2012 he again left the NCP to run for the presidency of India after Pawar threw the support of the NCP behind Pranab Mukherjee, the UPA’s candidate. Sangma lost to Mukherjee by a wide margin, and in early 2013 he formed the National People’s Party.

Split

The NCP also performed poorly in the 2014 Maharashtra assembly elections and in the 2019 Lok Sabha elections. It unexpectedly found itself in government in Maharashtra after the 2019 assembly elections as part of a coalition with the Congress and the Shiv Sena. The alliance lost power in 2022 after Shiv Sena leader Eknath Shinde formed a breakaway faction and joined the BJP-led NDA.

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The NCP split into two in 2023 when Pawar’s nephew Ajit Pawar left the party to join the NDA, taking other NCP legislators with him. He claimed ownership of the party’s name and its election symbol, which he was granted by the election commission. The original party, under the stewardship of Sharad Pawar, is now known as NCP-Sharadchandra Pawar (NCPSP). In the 2024 Maharashtra assembly elections, the NCP won 41 seats out of 288 while the NCPSP managed just 10 seats. Ajit Pawar, who was serving as Maharashtra’s Deputy Chief Minister and led the party after the 2023 split, died in a plane crash in Maharashtra on January 28, 2026.