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National Academy of Sciences, nongovernmental American organization of scientists and engineers, established March 3, 1863, by act of Congress to serve as an official adviser to the government in all matters of science and technology. It is a self-perpetuating body of limited membership; new members are co-opted on the basis of distinguished contributions to research. In 1916 the academy established the National Research Council to coordinate the activities of various scientists and engineers in universities,...