Muḥaṣṣal afkār al-mutaqaddimīn wa-al-mutaʾakhkhirīn

Muḥaṣṣal afkār al-mutaqaddimīn wa-al-mutaʾakhkhirīn is a work by Fakhr ad-Dīn ar-Rāzī, a prominent Muslim theologian and scholar who lived from 1149 to 1209. The title translates to "Collection of the Opinions of Ancients and Moderns".1

This book is considered a classic of kalām, which is Muslim scholastic theology. Ar-Rāzī aimed to reconcile rational theology and philosophy, incorporating ideas from Greek thinkers like Aristotle, with the teachings of the Qurʾān. His work often presented unorthodox views persuasively before refuting them, making his writings a valuable source for understanding lesser-known Muslim sects. Ar-Rāzī was known for his intellectual brilliance and wrote extensively on various subjects, including theology, philosophy, medicine, and more.1