Middle Shang

The Middle Shang period, an archaeological classification within the broader Shang dynasty (c. 1600-1046 BCE), is primarily represented by remains found at Erligang near Zhengzhou. This era is characterized by significant construction, including massive rammed-earth fortifications, palace foundations, and workshops for bronze casting and pottery.1234

Archaeological evidence from sites like Panlongcheng indicates Middle Shang expansion into various regions. A transitional period between the Middle and Late Shang phases shows a widespread network of sites connected by uniform bronze-casting styles and mortuary practices, suggesting a relatively homogeneous culture among the elite. The Middle Shang period laid groundwork for the sophisticated culture of the Late Shang, known for its advanced bronze work and the development of Chinese writing on oracle bones.1235