Middle Passage: References & Edit History

Additional Reading

Stephanie E. Smallwood, Saltwater Slavery: A Middle Passage from Africa to American Diaspora (2007); Toyin Falola and Amanda Warnock, Encyclopedia of the Middle Passage (2007); Joanne M. Braxton and Maria I. Diedrich (eds.), Monuments of the Black Atlantic: Slavery and Memory (2004).

Article Contributors

Primary Contributors

  • The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
    Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.

Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors

Article History

Type Description Contributor Date
Add new Web site: BBC Bitesize - What was the Middle Passage? Jul 28, 2026
Add new Web site: University of Essex - Essex Open Access Research Repository - Middle and Final Passages in the Atlantic Slave Trade (PDF). Dec 05, 2025
Add new Web site: Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History - The Middle Passage (PDF). Sep 06, 2025
Add new Web site: Academia - “Far Cry From a Fantasy Voyage: The Impact of the Middle Passage on Slave Societies Across the Atlantic World” (PDF). Jul 09, 2025
Add new Web site: UNESCO - Slavery and Remembrance - Middle Passage. May 14, 2025
Added media. Apr 08, 2025
Add new Web site: University of Miami - Slave Resistance: A Caribbean Study - The Slave Trade. Feb 15, 2025
Add new Web site: African American Registry - The �Middle Passage� (The Transatlantic Slave Trade), a story. Nov 18, 2024
Add new Web site: ABC Religion and Ethics - The shadows of “Succession”: Tracing the influences behind and the cultural achievement of a television masterpiece. Sep 14, 2024
Add new Web site: University of Michigan - The Middle Passage. Jun 19, 2024
Add new Web site: University of Glasgow - The Saint Lauretia Project - The Middle Passage. Mar 29, 2024
Add new Web site: Humanities LibreTexts - The TransAtlantic Slave Trade. Nov 15, 2023
Add new Web site: Encyclopedia Virginia - The Transatlantic Slave Trade and the Middle Passage. Jul 07, 2023
Add new Web site: National Park Service - The Middle Passage. Aug 29, 2022
Add new Web site: National Museums Liverpool - The Middle Passage. Mar 04, 2022
Corrected display issue. Jan 29, 2020
Add new Web site: Discovering Bristol - The Middle Passage. Jun 28, 2016
New bibliography added. Jul 02, 2015
Expanded the description of the triangular trade route, and other changes made. Jul 02, 2015
Expanded the description of the triangular trade route, and other changes made. Jul 02, 2015
Add new Web site: Encyclopedia Virginia - Slave Ships. Nov 09, 2014
Add new Web site: UShistory.org - "The Middle Passage". May 18, 2012
Add new Web site: PBS - Black Nouveau - The Middle Passage. May 15, 2012
Add new Web site: Digital History - The Middle Passage. May 15, 2012
Add new Web site: PBS - Black Nouveau - The Middle Passage. May 15, 2012
Article revised and updated. Jan 30, 2009
Media added: interior plan of a slave ship. Jan 30, 2009
Article revised. Feb 08, 1999
Article added to new online database. Jul 20, 1998
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