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The Majiayao cultures, flourishing from the late 4th to early 3rd millennium BCE in what is now eastern Gansu, eastern Qinghai, and northern Sichuan, were part of a diverse Neolithic landscape in China. These cultures are distinguished by their distinctive painted pottery. Approximately one-third of Majiayao vessels feature black pigment decorations on the upper two-thirds of the body, with multiarmed radial spirals being a prominent design element. Related decorative motifs, such as sawtooth lines and zoomorphic stick figures, also appeared on pottery from the subsequent Banshan and Machang cultures.12

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