- Also called:
- Mara Salvatrucha
- Date:
- c. 1980 - present
- Areas Of Involvement:
- human trafficking
- organized crime
- prostitution
- drug trade
- murder
MS-13
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What is MS-13?
MS-13 is an international gang involved in illegal activities such as drug and human smuggling, murder, and extortion. Founded in Los Angeles in the 1980s by immigrants from El Salvador, it spread throughout the United States, Central America, and Canada, gaining a reputation for violence.
The gang's origins trace back to El Salvador in the 1970s. To avoid being victimized by powerful Mexican gangs, former members of the FMLN and other refugees formed Mara Salvatrucha in the early 1980s. In the early 1990s, Mara Salvatrucha allied with the Mexican Mafia and became known as MS-13.
By the early 21st century, MS-13 was active in nearly every U.S. state and several Central American countries.
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Where and how did MS-13 begin?
MS-13, an international gang involved in illegal activities such as drug and human smuggling, murder, and extortion, started in Los Angeles in the 1980s. It was formed by immigrants from El Salvador and spread throughout the United States, Central America, and Canada, gaining a reputation for violence.
The gang's origins trace back to El Salvador in the 1970s, during the country's civil war. As a result of the bloody conflict, many Salvadorans fled to the United States and migrated to Hispanic areas of southern Los Angeles. To avoid being victimized by powerful Mexican gangs, former members of the FMLN and other refugees formed Mara Salvatrucha in the early 1980s. In the early 1990s, Mara Salvatrucha allied with the Mexican Mafia and became known as MS-13.
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Why is MS-13 considered an international gang?
MS-13 is considered an international gang due to its involvement in various illegal activities, including drug and human smuggling, prostitution, murder, and extortion. Founded in Los Angeles in the 1980s by immigrants from El Salvador, it spread throughout the United States, Central America, and Canada, gaining a reputation for extreme violence. The gang has no formal leadership, and cliques of gang members operate independently, making it difficult for law enforcement to limit their influence. MS-13 also seeks alliances with other organized crime entities, such as Mexican drug cartels, to increase its ability to carry out lethal acts.
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How does MS-13 affect the communities it operates in?
MS-13 significantly impacts communities through its involvement in illegal activities like drug and human smuggling, murder, and extortion. With a presence in the United States, Central America, and Canada, the gang is known for its brutality and loosely structured cliques, which makes it difficult for law enforcement to counter its influence. MS-13 originated in Los Angeles in the 1980s, formed by immigrants from El Salvador. The gang's primary goal is financial gain, which is pursued through alliances with other organized crime entities, like Mexican drug cartels. The gang provides a sense of discipline, purpose, and income to youthful recruits from impoverished neighborhoods.
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What efforts are being made to stop MS-13's criminal activities?
MS-13, an international gang involved in various illegal activities, originated in Los Angeles in the 1980s and has spread throughout the United States, Central America, and Canada. The gang is known for brutality, and cliques of members operate independently, which complicates law enforcement efforts to limit their influence. In response to the rise of MS-13, the FBI created a gang task force in 2004 dedicated to combating MS-13.
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MS-13, international gang involved in drug and human smuggling, prostitution, murder, and extortion, among other illegal activities. It was founded in Los Angeles in the 1980s by immigrants from El Salvador and later spread throughout the United States, Central America, and Canada, gaining a reputation for extreme violence.
The gang’s origins can be traced to El Salvador in the 1970s, when the country was on the brink of a civil war between government forces and the insurgent group Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), which claimed to represent Salvadorans in the bottom social and economic tiers. The bloody conflict left some 900,000 people displaced, thousands of whom fled to the United States and migrated to largely Hispanic areas of southern Los Angeles. Most of these areas in Los Angeles were already inundated with powerful Mexican gangs who preyed on weaker cultural groups. So as not to be victimized, former members of the FMLN and other refugees formed Mara Salvatrucha in the early 1980s; according to some sources, the name derived from the slang terms mara (“gang”) and salvatruchas (“street-tough Salvadorans”).
Despite a steady increase in membership—aided by the recruitment of immigrants who had fled unrest in Guatemala and Nicaragua—Mara Salvatrucha struggled against rival gangs. In order to strengthen its position, in the early 1990s it formed an alliance with the Mexican Mafia, a powerful gang also based in Los Angeles. During this time, Mara Salvatrucha became known as MS-13, reportedly because M was the 13th letter of the alphabet.
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In the ensuing years, Mara Salvatrucha became one of the most powerful yet loosely structured gangs in the Northern Hemisphere and was especially known for brutality; its motto was “kill, rape, and control.” By the early 21st century, MS-13 was reportedly active in nearly every U.S. state and the District of Columbia. In addition, it operated in a number of Central American countries, especially El Salvador. With no formal leadership, cliques of gang members operated with relative independence, making it more difficult for law enforcement to limit their influence. MS-13 members were responsible for brutal gang wars, murder, prostitution, drug smuggling, human trafficking, and illegal transport of aliens across the United States–Mexico border. The gang also sought alliances with other organized crime entities, including Mexican drug cartels. Financial gain was the primary goal shared in these alliances, and relationships among gangs became more sophisticated, thus providing access to technology and weapons that increased gangs’ ability to carry out lethal acts against a larger section of society.
Government officials expressed extreme concern about Mara Salvatrucha because of its ties to powerful ex-paramilitary members in El Salvador. In the mid-1990s, changes in U.S. immigration laws allowed deportations of convicted criminals, including many gang members. Salvadoran officials claimed that many deported gang members returned to the disorganized neighborhoods of El Salvador and other Central American countries in search of eager converts. Youthful recruits from severely impoverished neighborhoods found discipline, purpose, and income. Many then found their way back into the United States illegally, thus increasing the problem in that country. In response, in 2004 the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) created a gang task force dedicated to MS-13.
According to FBI statistics, Mara Salvatrucha had between 6,000 and 10,000 members in the United States in the early 21st century. Reports gave upwards of 50,000 in Central America. Although most members come from Hispanic cultures, MS-13 includes African Americans as well. The majority of its members are between the ages of 11 and 40, and they are easily identified through very visible tattoos, often on the face.